The group were informed that the remaining men and teenage boys would be held behind to be questioned, in case they were in fact Bosnian Muslim soldiers. Following this announcement, approximately men and boys were separated from the women and elderly and sent to Bratunac.
On 14 July, these men were systematically murdered by their Bosnian Serb captors and buried in mass graves. In total, when combined with the number of men and boys killed when attempting to flee to Tuzla through the forest, it is estimated that between and Bosniak Muslim men and boys were murdered. The Bosnian War ended in November following peace negotiations, which agreed that Bosnia and Herzegovina was officially an independent state, made up of two different federal entities, the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska a Bosnian Serb Republic in which Srebrenica is now located.
In , the International Court of Justice ruled that the Srebrenica Massacre was an act of genocide. Brian Steidle is a former marine who became a patrol leader in Sudan for the Jount Military Mission monitoring the ceasefire between North and South Sudan.
During his time in Sudan, he took photographs which evidence the devastation in the country. It began in Sudan is an ethnically diverse country that, at the start of the genocide, was controlled by an Arab dictatorship in the capital Khartoum.
In the years leading up to the genocide, tension in the Darfur region escalated over disputes about land and unequal power, and people in Darfur felt marginalised and ignored by the government, which concentrated its efforts and resources on the capital city and surrounding areas. In , in an attempt to secure more autonomy over their lives, some of the local inhabitants of the Fur, Zaghawa and Masalit groups in Darfur joined forces create the Sudan Liberation Army SLA , which launched an attack on a military airbase in April In response, the Sudanese government armed and trained local inhabitants in the area to create violent, semi-professional militias known as the Janjaweed, who were instructed to carry out a series of attacks against Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit villages.
The devastating attacks, which followed on from government bombing of the villages, intended to diminish any support for the SLA and JEM and secure Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit lands and resources for the government. Between and thousands of villages were destroyed, and their inhabitants were raped, attacked and murdered.
Those that survived the initial attacks were displaced, and attempted to survive in the desert where the government obstructed aid, food and water supplies or fled across the border to Chad. In total, over , people were murdered, and approximately 2. Since , the Janjaweed, supported by the government, have continued to target black Africans in the Darfur region, and this persecution continues today, with approximately 2.
In , the Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir was charged by the International Criminal Court with three counts of genocide. Image shows a copy of the Editorship Law. On 3 October , shortly after its defeat, France introduced its first antisemitic law under occupation - the Statut de Juifs. Section: What was the Holocaust? What was the Holocaust? Life before the Holocaust Antisemitism How did the Nazis rise to power?
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Advanced content hidden Showing advanced content. Various different acts are defined in the convention as acts of genocide, including: Killing members of a group. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group.
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Symbolisation — Forcing groups to wear or be associated with symbols which identify them as different.
Discrimination — Excluding groups from participating in civil society, such as by excluding them from voting or certain places. In Nazi Germany, for example, Jews were not allowed to sit on certain park benches. Dehumanisation — To deny the humanity of one group, and associate them with animals or diseases in order to belittle them. Organisation — Training police or army units and providing them with weapons and knowledge in order to persecute a group in future.
Polarisation — Using propaganda to polarise society, create distance and exclude a group further. These are the faces of people who suffered German rule and barely survived. This is a history that Kaunatjike inherited. But only after Namibia gained independence from South Africa in did the German government really begin to acknowledge the systematic atrocity that had happened there. Although historians used the word genocide starting in the s, Germany officially refused to use the term.
Progress has been slow. Exactly a century after the killings began, in , the German development minister declared that her country was guilty of brutality in South West Africa. But according to one of Kaunatjike's fellow activists, Norbert Roeschert, the German government avoided formal responsibility. In a striking contrast with the German attitude toward the Holocaust, which some schoolteachers start to cover in the 3rd grade, the government used a technicality to avoid formally apologizing for genocide in South-West Africa.
Roeschert believes the government avoided the topic on pragmatic grounds, because historically, declarations of genocide are closely followed by demands for reparations. Kaunatjike is a witness and an heir to Namibia's history, but his country's story been doubly neglected. First, historical accounts of apartheid tend to place overwhelming emphasis on South Africa.
Second, historical accounts of genocide focus so intently on the Holocaust that it's easy to forget that colonial history preceded and perhaps foreshadowed the events of World War II. This might finally be changing, however.
Intense focus on the centennial of the Armenian Genocide also drew attention to brutality in European colonies. A decade of activism helped change the conversation in Germany, too. Protesters in Germany had some success pressuring universities to send Herero human remains back to Namibia; one by one, German politicians began talking openly about genocide. Perhaps the greatest breakthrough came this summer.
That was sensational for us. The next step is an official apology from Germany—and then a dialogue between Namibia, Germany, and Herero representatives.
Germany has so far balked at demands for reparations, but activists will no doubt make the case. They want schoolchildren to know this story, not only in Germany but also in Namibia.
For Kaunatjike, there are personal milestones to match the political ones. In November, Kaunatjike plans to visit his birthplace. He'll visit an older generation of Namibians who remember a time before apartheid. But he also plans to visit his grandfather's grave. He never met any of his German family, and he often wonders what role they played in the oppression of Namibians. When Kaunatjike's journey started half a century ago, the two lines of his family were kept strictly separate.
As time went on, however, his roots grew tangled. Today he has German roots in Namibia and Namibian roots in Germany. He likes it that way. Kaunatjike sometimes wishes he spent less time on campaigns and interviews, so he'd have more time to spend with his children. But they're also the reason he's still an activist. The Namibian government, anxious to maintain good relations with the former German colonizers, refused to recognize the site.
The genocide was on the road to historical recognition. In , the German government acknowledged its responsibility for the genocide of the Herero, without granting them financial compensation. In , Germany returned remains to Namibia but has yet to formally apologize. You can learn more about the subject by reading our article The Ten Stages of Genocide , which outlines the identifiable steps that lead to genocide. The exhibition also provides the opportunity to learn more about four contemporary situations of escalating violence: Burundi, Iraq, South Sudan and Myanmar.
News and Events Newsletters Donate. Herero Genocide in Namibia. Essays arranged chronologically from pre-colonial era to empire to decolonization to memory and legacy.
Stapleton, Timothy. A History of Genocide in Africa. S74 [ Find in a library near you ]. Focuses primarily on the history of German colonization in Africa, the loss of their colonies after WWI, the Nazi embrace of the colonial cause, and the recognition of this genocide as the first genocide of the 20th century. Contains one chapter on Namibia and the German genocide committed there.
Steinmetz, George. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Totten, Samuel, and William S. C46 [ Find in a library near you ]. Includes a concise history of the Herero and Nama genocide, ample statistics, the impact of the genocide on the victims, a historiography of the genocide since , and several eye-witness statements excerpted from the British Blue Book see Silvester and Gewald below.
Wildenthal, Lora. German Women for Empire, HQ W55 [ Find in a library near you ]. While African women were routinely sexually exploited, whipped, and raped by the Schutztruppe and male settlers in GSWA, German women were idealized as a civilizing source and symbol of racial purity.
Bachmann, Klaus. Berlin: Peter Lang, B33 [ Find in a library near you ]. Interprets several issues central to the German treatment of the indigenous people in their colony: Was it a genocide?
What really happened at the Battle of Waterberg? These questions are debated in terms of the UN Convention on Genocide, current law regarding crimes against humanity, and international criminal law. Baer, Elizabeth.
PN B24 [ Find in a library near you ]. Also notes the use of shared methodologies--concentration camps, death camps, intentional starvation, rape, indiscriminate killing of women and children. Bartrop, Paul R. E [ Find in a library near you ]. Each excerpt is introduced and followed by commentary and questions suitable for use in a classroom.
Bemporad, Elissa, and Joyce Warren, editors. Women and Genocide: Survivors, Victims, Perpetrators. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, W [ Find in a library near you ]. Bley, Helmut. Namibia under German Rule,
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