A handy glossary provides definitions of important terms, and an appendix presents a list of problems industrial hygienists and other health professionals might face.
Understanding Radiation. Provides an overview of radiation and includes a section on non-ionizing radiation. PB, June Includes exposure assessments and an analysis of existing record sources for possible epidemiological studies.
Reports that workers near RF sealers may be unaware of their exposure to RF emissions, because the RF energy from sealers and heaters can penetrate deeply into the body without activating the heat sensors located in the skin. An extensive list of occupations involving the use of RF sealers and heaters is presented in Section II of the Appendix.
Concludes that research to date does not show RF energy emitted from mobile phones to have adverse health effects but there is not enough information to conclude they pose no risk.
Letter to Congress from the Food and Drug Administration in response to questions regarding alleged health hazards associated with the use of cellular phones. While both of these studies had strengths, they also had limitations that make it hard to know how they might apply to humans being exposed to RF radiation. Still, the results of these studies do not rule out the possibility that RF radiation might somehow be able to impact human health.
Studies of people who may have been exposed to RF radiation at their jobs such as people who work around or with radar equipment, those who service communication antennae, and radio operators have found no clear increase in cancer risk. A number of studies have looked for a possible link between cell phones and cancer. Although some studies have shown a possible link, many others have not. The topic of cell phones and cancer risk is discussed in detail in Cellular Cell Phones. The American Cancer Society ACS does not have any official position or statement on whether or not radiofrequency radiation from cell phones, cell phones towers, or other sources is a cause of cancer.
ACS generally looks to other expert organizations to determine if something causes cancer that is, if it is a carcinogen , including:. Other major organizations might also comment on the ability of certain exposures to cause cancer.
More recently, the US Food and Drug Administration FDA issued a technical report based on results of studies published between and , as well as national trends in cancer rates. So far, the National Toxicology Program NTP has not included RF radiation in its Report on Carcinogens , which lists exposures that are known to be or reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. For more on this report, see Known and Probable Human Carcinogens.
Unfortunately, in some countries, notably the US, scientific evidence of the potential hazards of RFR has been largely dismissed Findings of carcinogenicity, infertility and cell damage occurring at daily exposure levels—within current limits—indicate that existing exposure standards are not sufficiently protective of public health.
Evidence of carcinogenicity alone, such as that from the NTP study, should be sufficient to recognize that current exposure limits are inadequate. Public health authorities in many jurisdictions have not yet incorporated the latest science from the U. NTP or other groups. Conversely, some authorities have taken specific actions to reduce exposure to their citizens 78 , including testing and recalling phones that exceed current exposure limits.
While we do not know how risks to individuals from using cell phones may be offset by the benefits to public health of being able to summon timely health, fire and police emergency services, the findings reported above underscore the importance of evaluating potential adverse health effects from RFR exposure, and taking pragmatic, practical actions to minimize exposure.
We propose the following considerations to address gaps in the current body of evidence:. Such studies should explore the relationship between energy absorption SAR 3 , duration of exposure, and adverse outcomes, especially brain cancer, cardiomyopathies and abnormal cardiac rythms, hematologic malignancies, thyroid cancer. In addition, without continual resource-consuming follow-up at frequent intervals, it is not possible to ascertain ongoing information about changing technologies, uses e.
Solutions such as wearable meters and phone apps have not yet been incorporated in large-scale research. This is difficult to study in the general population because many people's greatest exposure arises from their personal devices. The effective radiated power from cell towers needs to be regularly measured and monitored. At the time of writing, a total of 32 countries or governmental bodies within these countries 4 have issued policies and health recommendations concerning exposure to RFR Three U.
In France, Wi-Fi has been removed from pre-schools and ordered to be shut off in elementary schools when not in use, and children aged 16 years or under are banned from bringing cell phones to school Because the national test agency found 9 out of 10 phones exceeded permissible radiation limits, France is also recalling several million phones. Governmental and institutional support of data collection and analysis to monitor potential links between RFR associated with wireless technology and cancers, sperm, the heart, the nervous system, sleep, vision and hearing, and effects on children.
Further dissemination of information regarding potential health risk information that is in wireless devices and manuals is necessary to respect users' Right To Know. Cautionary statements and protective measures should be posted on packaging and at points of sale.
Governments should follow the practice of France, Israel and Belgium and mandate labeling, as for tobacco and alcohol. Regulations should require that any WTD that could be used or carried directly against the skin e. IARC should convene a new working group to update the categorization of RFR, including current scientific findings that highlight, in particular, risks to youngsters of subsequent cancers.
National and regional public health authorities similarly need to update their understanding and to provide adequate precautionary guidance for the public to minimize potential health risks. Emerging human evidence is confirming animal evidence of developmental problems with RFR exposure during pregnancy. RFR sources should be avoided and distanced from expectant mothers, as recommended by physicians and scientists babysafeproject. Other countries should follow France, limiting RFR exposure in children under 16 years of age.
Cell towers should be distanced from homes, daycare centers, schools, and places frequented by pregnant women, men who wish to father healthy children, and the young. Specific examples of how the health policy recommendations above, invoking the Precautionary Principle, might be practically applied to protect public health, are provided in the Annex.
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. The authors declare that this manuscript was drafted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest, although subsequent to its preparation, DD became a consultant to legal counsel representing persons with glioma attributed to radiation from cell phones.
The authors acknowledge the contributions of Mr. We are grateful to external reviewers for their thoughtful critiques that have served to improve both accuracy and presentation. The opportunity was then provided to INEP's 23 member organizations to endorse what the INEP Board had recommended, but 12 of those member organizations elected not to vote. Of the 11 that did vote, three endorsed the statement, two voted against it, and six abstained. Ultimately, the Board voted to abandon its involvement with what it determined to be a divisive topic.
The authors then decided that, in the public interest, the document should be published independent of INEP.
High ambient radiofrequency radiation in Stockholm city, Sweden. Oncol Lett. Radiofrequency radiation from nearby base stations gives high levels in an apartment in Stockholm, Sweden: a case report. Halgamuge MN. Review: weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phone radiation on plants.
Electromagn Biol Med. Odemer R, Odemer F. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation RF-EMF on honey bee queen development and mating success. Sci Total Environ. Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields up to GHz. International commission on non-ionizing radiation protection. Health Phys. Google Scholar. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer Cancer epidemiology update, following the IARC evaluation of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields Monograph Environ Res.
Hardell L, Carlberg M. Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma - analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, and Pooled analysis of case-control studies on acoustic neuroma diagnosed and and use of mobile and cordless phones.
Int J Oncol. Chapter Mobile phone use and brain tumour risk: early warnings, early actions? European Environment Agency, Copenhagen. Denmark Mobile phone use and incidence of brain tumour histological types, grading or anatomical location: a population-based ecological study.
BMJ Open. No evidence for increased brain tumour incidence in the Swedish national cancer register between years Anticancer Res. Trends in central nervous system tumor incidence relative to other common cancers in adults, adolescents, and children in the United States, to Adolescent and young adult primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in Brain tumours: rise in glioblastoma multiforme incidence in England — suggests an adverse environmental or lifestyle factor.
J Public Health Environ. Annual Reports. Brain and salivary gland tumors and mobile phone use: evaluating the evidence from various epidemiological study designs. Annu Rev Public Health. Review of four publications on the Danish cohort study on mobile phone subscribers and risk of brain tumours. Rev Environ Health.
The effects of recall errors and of selection bias in epidemiologic studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. Recall of mobile phone usage and laterality in young people: the multinational Mobi-Expo study. Introduction Electromagnetic waves are produced by the motion of electrically charged particles.
Static electric Stationary electric charge that is built up on the surfaces and materials. Table 1. Table 2. Sources of exposure to static fields and their flux densities. The RF sources are used in different frequency bands and subdivided in different categories: 2.
Sources operated close to the human body Main examples of this type are mobile RF transmitters. Sources operated far away from the human body Such sources are fixed installed RF transmitters. Medical applications Some medical applications use electromagnetic fields in the RF range. Evidence for cellular effects of electromagnetic fields The general opinion is that there is no direct evidence of hazardous effects on human health incurred by low-frequency radiofrequency waves.
Table 3. Some investigations and their results about cellular effects on electromagnetic fields. Heavy metals exposure and electromagnetic hypersensitivity Some people are more susceptible to exposure with electromagnetic fields from others. Electromagnetic fields and blood-brain barrier The blood-brain barrier BBB in mammalians is composed of endothelial cells with tight junctions including pericytes and extracellular matrix.
Physiology of the blood-brain barrier BBB allows for a more restricted Exchange of cells and molecules between the blood and the brain parenchyma. Thermal effects of EMF exposure on permeability Environmental heat in excess of the mammalian thermoregulatory capacity can increase the permeability of the BBB to macromolecules Effects on nervous system and psycologic disorders Due to mobile phones used close the brain tissue, electromagnetic waves affects it the most.
Effects on osteogenesis and chondrogenesis Although extremely low electromagnetic fields have been shown to exert beneficial effecets on cartilage tissue 65 ,66 , Lin and Lin investigated the effect of pulsed EMF exposure on osteoblast cells, associated with decreased proliferation and mineralization Effects on tetsicle and spermatogenesis Due to carrying mobile phones in the pockets, exposure of EMF on reproduction system has been growing interested.
Carcinogenesis and electromagnetic waves Since the first observation by Wertheimer and Leeper in , a lot of epidemiologic investigations done between magnetic fields exposure and cancer. Lymphatic and hematopoetic cancers Some epidemiological trials have published data stating that the exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields may be associated with lymphatic and hematopoetic cancer.
Brain tumours Brain tumors short latency Brain tumors longer latency Authors No. Table 4. Brain tumors Baldi I et al. More Print chapter. How to cite and reference Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard. Available from:. Over 21, IntechOpen readers like this topic Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers Suggest a book topic Books open for submissions. More statistics for editors and authors Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Access personal reporting. More About Us. Frequency range. Extremely low frequency ELF. Powerlines Domestic distribution Electric engines in cars, train and tramway. Intermediate frequency IF. Monitors, Anti theft devices in shops, Hands free access control systems, Card readers Metal detectors. Radio frequency RF. Typical electric fields. Video Display Unit, Tv.
Under Kv Transmission Line. Typical magnetic fields. Geomagnetic Field. Industrial DC Equipment. Small Bar Magnets. Magnetic Levitation Train.
Studied subject. Goodman et al. RNA transciption. Pulsed EMF. Takashi et al. DNA synthesis. DNA synthesis is not repressed. Goodman and Henderson. Maes et al. Peripheral blood cells and Mitomycin C. Malyapa RS et al. Human blastoma cells. No DNA damaged. Brusick et al. Nucleic acids. Not directly mutagenic, predominantly hyperthermia. Vijayalaxmi et al. Peripheral blood cells. Milani et al. Tian et al. ELF and X-Ray. Zyrmec, Jerman, Lahajnar. Coli ATP syntesis. Tice et al. Wolf et al.
NfkB and cell destruction. Cell growth. IF arrests cell growth. Kirson ED et al. Atasoy A et al. No effect cell viability, effect of functional capacity. Coskun S et al. Intermittant EMF effective on plasma lipid peroxydation. Akan A et al. Monocyt derived macrophage. Martinez-Samano J et al.
Brain tumours. Brain tumors short latency.
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