The first refers to the transfer of knowledge, while the second has to be subdivided into true information and false information. In the first case, this leads to real information while in the latter it leads to disinformation intentionally false or misinformation unintentionally false. This message can contain information on different levels. However, as long as we cannot give meaning to information, because it is presented in an unknown language for example, this information cannot be transferred and we cannot speak of information in this case.
Information is therefore a subjective matter. Another problem we may find is the case of noise. External noise occurs when the transfer of information is disturbed by outside noise a busy street, for example. Internal noise refers to the case where the receiver is not giving the information his or her full attention and is distracted by other thoughts.
The concept of noise is not applied when the information is presented in a form the receiver does not understand. A case where we do use the term noise is when a piece of information passes through many recipients and senders before reaching its final destination — we are talking about third-hand information. To complete this section on information, we can distinguish four interdependent levels:. Our last remark on this theme is that information is not simply a matter of humans.
Among computers there now exists intense information exchange traffic as long as systems are compatible without any human interference. But in nature as well we can find many examples of information transfers, such as flowers giving information by smell and colour to bees. There are many more instances of information without any human intervention. Information and Tourist Networks.
In the specific case of tourism we can distinguish many forms of information and in our case we shall concentrate on the tourist himself. First of all, the tourists-to-be must think about where they want to go to for their holidays and they must decide which type of holiday they want. The tourist will need information to make this choice. Once the destination has been selected, he will need information about all the details of the journey, the local infrastructure hotels, attractions, restaurants, etc.
Upon arrival at the destination the tourist has the chance to explore local information sources and to arrange any trip or overnight stay if required. We cannot think of tourism without information exchange on many different levels, concerning not only the tourist but the tour operators as well, both of whom need information about hotels, flights, entry fees, etc. Many entities are active in tourism, including people tourists, hotel staff, air traffic controllers, bus drivers, and so on as well as things hotels, airplanes, souvenirs or landscapes.
The sheer fact that a tourist arrives at some place and enjoys something an impressive glacier perhaps means that many of these entities have been actively helping the tourist arrive at that particular place. These entities must work together, such as a tour operator who makes a hotel reservation for the tourist or a transport company that must know when the tourist has to be picked up.
Cooperation among entities results in networks and the interplay within and among networks gives life to the concept of tourism. Obviously, this is not only the case in tourism, because life is full of networks on many different levels.
Often we do not realize how many networks we are acting in. A sudden incident, such as losing your passport, makes us realize that an embassy is a network connected to many others, that a passport photograph has to be taken another set of networks or that a statement has to be made at the local police station, again tapping into completely different networks.
Cooperation and communication among entities form the basic ingredients of a network. This may occur on many different levels and with both senders and receivers. In this sense, things are also active actors, although more as receivers than senders. What brings life to a network are the actions and input of the entities. A restaurant provides meals, the bar the booze and the hotel the room to rest. These are things or services that link entities with each other and crystallize the connections between entities and networks.
These can be called intermediaries in a network, referring precisely to those services and things other entities are interested in. Other examples are credit cards, passports, tour guides, transport or money. It is all about things or people forming the link between entities and networks, which in turn are meant to help tourist get to the place to enjoy that magnificent glacier.
There is another intermediary we can mention: detailed information the tourist asks for specifically, such as the price of something, departure times, location, what type of shoes to wear or a signpost at a crossroads. This is information meant for everybody and not just for tourists, but it does have a specific target group. For a certain destination, tourists are not likely to be interested in possible tax advantages for small businesses, while the average investor will not care much about the number of tents the local campground can handle.
A free parking sign made by the locals: factual information on one hand, but at the same time on a pragmatic level it is about an invitation for tourist to stop to buy something at the pottery stall.
There are many entities dealing with just this: furnishing tourists with specific information based on simple data. We shall call this factual information. The tourist also has to deal with other types of information. This information supply forms part of the entities that maintain network relations and that want to invite tourists to become part of their network; in other words they are offering their services. This information has a clear target and the message is directed to tourists only; it tries to give a certain image of a destination.
This information does not form part of a network and it is not an intermediary. We call it target information. An unforgettable sight. Fireflies are dancing above the stream of lava, everybody is mouse-quiet. Target information as image: suggesting there is something to see and at the same time giving potential tourist the feeling that they could be there watching this rare bird.
The third type of information concerns the atmosphere, colours and smells of a place. We think of the exchange of impressions friends or colleagues have had, impressions from nature films, novels or newspaper articles. These info-sources surround the tourist and he can make use of it or not. We call this descriptive information. Each of the three information types mentioned here have their own starting points and their own reasons for existence.
The factual information has to be gathered by the tourist himself, target information is directed to the tourist, while descriptive information just lingers around the tourist who can make use of it or not. Each of these three types of information are different, and among other things this means that when they are mixed up, the receiver may be misled. When a tourist has decided he wants to go to China for his next holiday, he may consider passing by the local travel store to get information about flights, package deals or hotels.
At this point we are entering slightly turbulent waters, because although the case may sound simple, the information the tourist gets from the travel store has a complicated structure. The tourist wants to have some factual information and possibly some descriptive information, but what he gets as an answer instead is target information.
The travel agent may indicate that on a given day there is only one possible flight to Peking for a certain price. This sounds like factual information. It looks like factual information , but it is target information , dressed up differently. Obviously, one may not differ too much from another, since on the Internet nowadays it is easy to verify things. The three types of information are not the same and the tourist must try to differentiate them. We assume that this article is really interesting for biologists, but the average tourist may draw wrong conclusions, deciding not to risk taking holidays in tropical areas anymore.
What is factual information for one person may be descriptive information for another, with all the consequences of the case. Travel guides like the Lonely Planet or others generally deliver reliable factual information. However, on the level of descriptive information we may wonder how good this information is.
Almost without exception, these guide books have been written by people from the home countries of the tourists and not by people from the destination. The descriptive values of impressions among others are pictured through the eyes of someone from the same country as the tourist. The latter may pick up the ideas easily, since they are presented according to his own way of thinking, but this may stop a tourist from experiencing things independently and to be open to new impressions and other ways of viewing things.
Apart from this, travel guidebooks may suffer from hidden target information , by recommending a certain area where a friend has a hotel, for example. The three cases mentioned here all show problems regarding the pragmatic level of information and its original intention. Too often it is difficult for a tourist to value information against the springs behind it. Misunderstandings can also occur on a semantic level.
Another example is the notion of time, which may be different among countries. Another point regards what is considered to be comfortable or luxurious. Standards between countries may vary considerably and tourists have to take this into account. Other common problems at the level of syntax can occur when information is stated in miles or kilometres, Fahrenheit or Centigrade, in Euros or in Dollars. Finally, a tourist may encounter problems on the empirical level; the main problem really is whether a tourist has access to the Internet or not; during his holiday this may be a problem because of bad connections or no connections at all.
We have to mention here that bad connections in general including with cell phones may lead to the problem of noise with consequently misleading or incomplete information. A destination's competitiveness refers to the ability of the brand to successfully occupy a niche in the market in the long term. It is the potential to create and integrate value-added products to maintain the resources while keeping their position in the market compared with other competitors.
For the brand image, the uniqueness of the destination is key to its desired positioning and this makes the brand unique and distinguishable for tourists. This research helps to understand how European cities use their most attractive features to compete in the market segment of urban destinations and to stand out from other competing cities.
The aim of this study was twofold. On the one hand, it sought to identify the dominant features of communication to attract visitors to Europe's most popular urban destinations.
On the other, the study aimed to determine the most relevant characteristics of the destinations that act as distinguishing elements. It is a baseline study on the most popular destinations in the context of European urban tourism that addresses the limitations of previous studies. The study performs a content analysis to identify the similarities and differences of the official communication channels of the twelve most popular urban destinations in Europe.
The final sample includes twelve official websites operated by official tourism organizations from the following cities: London, Paris, Istanbul, Barcelona, Amsterdam, Milan, Rome, Vienna, Prague, Munich, Madrid and Frankfurt.
The results show that to compete in this specific market, tourist products and packages, cultural attractions and gastronomy are the critical elements chosen to attract visitors. The prevalence of these strategies in all cases indicates their crucial role for these competitive urban destinations.
The results also identify that strategies related to history, accommodation and leisure attractions are the main sources of differentiation between European cities.
Among the European urban destinations studied, the content analysis revealed three main areas of differentiation D1, D2 and D3 which can be used to place smaller destinations on the market. According to the Canadian Sport Tourism Alliance , sport tourism is any activity in which people are attracted to a particular location to attend a sport-related event as either a:. The purpose of the alliance was to increase Canadian capacity to attract and host sport tourism events.
For more information, visit the Canadian Sport Tourism Alliance website. One success story is Kamloops, dubbed the Tournament Capital of Canada, which has made sport tourism a central component of its economy and welcomes over one million visitors to its tournament centre facility each year. And since , the BC Winter and Summer Games have moved around the province, drawing attendees and creating volunteer opportunities for up to 3, community members.
According to the Canadian Gaming Association, gaming is one of the largest entertainment industries in Canada.
It has larger revenues than those generated by magazines and book sales, drinking establishments, spectator sports, movie theatres, and performing arts combined Canadian Gaming Association, It is responsible for operating lottery, casino, online, and bingo gaming in BC.
For more information, visit the BC Lottery Corporation website. The gaming industry is growing and the BCLC monitors the marketplace, noting that consumer behaviour and expectations are shifting. Advances in technologies allow consumers to enjoy more digital gaming experiences while those looking for more social interaction can enjoy land based casino gambling with enhanced amenities such as expanded food and beverage options.
BC Lottery Corporation, In other words, rural and natural environments are mixed with agricultural and tourism products and services. Agritourism products and services can be categorized into three themes:. A number of self-guided circle tours and other experiences are available in these and other areas, including annual festivals and events. Culinary tourism in Canada began to gain traction as a niche in when Destination Canada, formerly the Canadian Tourism Commission, highlighted it within the cultural tourism market.
According to a Ryerson University study, the average culinary tourist spends twice the amount of a generic tourist Grishkewich, For examples of farm fresh meals, artisan drinks etc. Organizations such as the UNWTO see food-making and wine-making as a key part of maintaining and preserving cultural traditions in addition to promoting local economic development.
Culinary or sometimes referred to as gastronomy tourism and wine tourism are closely related and often promoted together. Wine tourism will be explored next. According to the Wine Tourism in Canada report [PDF] , Canada welcomes over 3 million visitors annually to Canadian wineries with an annual annual economic impact worth 6. Today, there are more than wineries in BC, ranging from small family-run vineyards to large estate operations.
Canada makes great wine, which is a surprise to many international visitors. Many think of Canada as cold and snowy and just too cool to produce great wine. For more information on the wine and food sectors in British Columbia, read this report that speaks to the wine and food tourist, industry key insights and other important information: British Columbia Wine Institute Wine and Food Tourism Strategy — [PDF] found on the Wines of British Columbia website.
A places of interest that pulls visitors to a destination, open to the public for entertainment or education. When tourists travel to a specific destination in order to participate in a cultural or heritage-related event.
Museums that collect historical and modern works of art for the educational purposes and to preserve them for future generations.
An art gallery that does not generally collect or conserve works of art. Rather, it focuses on exhibitions of contemporary works, as well as programs of lectures, publications, and other events. Any activity in which people are attracted to a particular location as a participant, spectator, or visitor to sport attractions, or as an attendee of sport-related business meetings.
The crown corporation responsible for operating casinos, lotteries, bingo halls, and online gaming in the province of BC.
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